Furman P. Formation of yield and grain quality of common bean depending on the influence of agronomic practices in the Right-bank ForestSteppe

The dissertation presents research results on the study of the impact of sowing methods and plant population on the growth, development, and yield formation of common beans. Technological practices impact was determined in relation to production and nitrogen-fixation productivity of the crop. An economic and energy efficiency analysis of the proposed technological models for growing common beans was conducted, and the cultivation technology was refined based on optimizing the spatial and quantitative placement of plants in the field. A review and generalization of domestic and foreign scientific literature were conducted regarding the prospects for bean production in Ukraine and globally, as well as the influence of the variety's genetic traits, sowing methods, and plant density on seed productivity and yield quality. It has been determined that the response of modern common bean varieties to changes in spatial and quantitative plant placement in a specific growing region is still insufficiently studied. This remains a relevant production issue that requires scientific resolution. The analysis of the research results demonstrated a significant impact on the growth and development of bean plants from the genetic characteristics of the variety, the agronomic factors under study, and the hydrothermal conditions during the growing season. The duration of the growing and interphase periods was mainly determined by the variety and meteorological conditions. The longest growing period was observed in the Bilosnizhka variety (88–90 days), while the shortest was in the Slaviya variety (80–82 days). Changes in weather and technological growing conditions also influenced the intensity of plant growth, which was noted until the phenological phase of seed physiological maturity. The maximum plant height was achieved with wide-row sowing (row spacing of 45 cm) and a plant density of 400–500 thousand seeds per hectare (52.6–59.8 cm). Differences in the spatial and quantitative arrangement of bean plants caused changes in the formation of generative organs. The maximum number of fruit elements was noted in wide-row sowing with a plant density of 400–500 thousand units per hectare are 33.6–46.1 flowers and 11.6–14.6 pods per plant. Leaf area growth on the plants occurred until the phenological phase of seed filling. During this period, the maximum leaf area of Bilosnizhka (55.1 thousand m2 /ha), Ros (52.5 thousand m2 /ha), and Slaviya (50.8 thousand m2 /ha) varieties was achieved with wide-row sowing (45 cm) and a plant density of 600 thousand units per hectare.. The dynamics of net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) during the growing season of common beans had a sinusoidal pattern with two peaks: the first during the «seedling – third trifoliate leaf» period is 9.03–11.79 g/m2×day, and the second during the «flowering–green pod formation» period is 841–1083 g/m2×day. Widerow sowing positively influenced the formation of NPP, with the Bilosnizhka variety being the most productive during active accumulation periods. The maximum productivity in terms of dry matter accumulation within 7.21–8.23 t/ha at seed physiological maturity was provided by a technological model with wide-row sowing and a plant density of 600 thousand units per hectare. The most favorable conditions for maximum seed productivity of 2.72–3.24 t/ha were achieved under the technological model involving wide-row sowing (45 cm row spacing) with a plant density of 600 thousand units per hectare. The highest quality seed composition was achieved in crops formed with 45 cm row spacing and a plant density of 400 thousand units per hectare. Under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on lowhumus typical chernozem, the cultivation of common beans (Bilosnizhka, Ros, and Slaviya varieties) is economically efficient. Higher economic efficiency was achieved with wide-row sowing, which, compared to similar conventional row sowing options, provided a net profit increase of 22.6–30.0 %, and profitability increase of 20.0–40.0 %. The maximum net profit of 50,732 UAH at a profitability level of 168 % and a seed self-cost of 934 UAH per ton was achieved by growing the Bilosnizhka variety with wide-row sowing (45 cm) and a plant density of 600 thousand units per hectare. This technological model also provided the highest total energy yield is 57316 MJ/ha at a K_e.e. level of 3.74